Inequality in Japan is very low despite what the Japanese media and politicians say

The Japanese media and politicians talk up rising income inequality in Japan and make it seem as if it’s a huge problem. While income inequality in Japan has indeed been rising in recent years — as it has in most other developed countries — this kind of rhetoric needs to be put in context. Doing so makes it obvious that income inequality is exceedingly low in Japan and the wealthy are taxed up the wazoo to keep it that way.

First, income inequality in Japan is actually very low compared to most other countries. The picture below (courtesy of Wikipedia) compares the Gini Index (a measure of income inequality) across many parts of the world. Japan has a very low Gini Index in this context, alongside countries in the Nordic region. On the other hand, inequality is highest in emerging markets, in particular Africa and South America. It’s interesting that even the U.S. — where the democratic presidential candidates are making inequality a key issue — has only moderate inequality in the global context.

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Is wealth inequality really a bad thing?

We often hear that inequality in wealth is rising across the globe. This is undoubtedly true. For example, income inequality in the U.S. last year reached its highest level in more than half a century due to the post-GFC economic expansion disproportionately benefiting the wealthiest Americans. The so-called Gini index, a key measure of wealth distribution, rose to 0.485 in 2018, from 0.482 a year earlier, with states such as California and Texas experiencing the biggest jumps.

But is inequality actually a bad thing? Academics, politicians, the poor and some of the rich have argued that it is deeply unfair for there to be high levels of inequality. Thomas Piketty has argued that governments should step in by adopting a global tax on wealth, and Senator Elizabeth Warren has made a wealth tax a centerpiece of her presidential bid for 2020.

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